Italian ryegrass has become an increasingly weedy and invasive species for production agriculture in Arkansas and Clay County. Individual plants can become highly competitive producing up to 108 to 173 tillers per plant and 20,500 to 45,000 seeds per plant. It is a short, cool-season winter annual or biennial bunch grass which grows vigorously in the winter and early spring. The ideal environment for Italian ryegrass to germinate is when temperatures are between 68 and 77°F and there is adequate soil moisture. Typically, germination will then occur within six to 10 days and may occur in the fall or in the spring. Italian ryegrass establishes with ease and grows rapidly if no action is taken to prevent it. This can lead to decreased yields in corn, cotton, rice, soybeans, and other crops. There are several preventative methods available during the fall, but after emergence, it is more challenging to kill the weed due to herbicide resistance.